power factor correction using capacitor bank

inductive loads requires two kind of powers

1) Active Power: power to perform work
2) reactive Power : power to create and maintain electro-magnetic field.

the ratio of active power(kw) to apparent power(kva) is called power factor.

major loads in industries ,factories are inductive loads like A.C. motors ,transformers ,induction furnaces etc., so power supplied by electrical board is utilised for both doing some work and creating electromagnetic field.

Hence actual load on distribution system is vector sum of active power and reactive power. i.e., apparent power.

kva=(kw² + kvar²)^1/2
therefore for industries and for commercial purpose electricity bills are based on  kvah , unlike for domestic purpose bills are based on kwh .
so if reactive power consumption  is high apparent power consumption is high and bill will be high .
we need to adopt some methods to reduce reactive power consumption so capacitors are installed near loads which will generate some reactive power which will compensate reactive power developed by inductive loads.
consider following example

if we are not using capacitor bank for same kw PF is reduced and kva increased but if we are using capacitor bank 410 kvar for same power PF improved and kva reduced.

capacitors used for PF correction

inside of capacitor bank panel board in a factory.

SILICA GEL AND ITS USE

Silica gel is a granular ,vitreous ,porous form of silicon dioxide made synthetically from sodium silicate. Silica gel is though and hard.

silica gel

use:

A silica gel breather is the most  commonly used way of filtering  air from moisture . silica gel breather for transformer is connected with conservator tank means of breather pipe . breather absorb the moisture  in the air sucked in by the transformer during the breathing process.

BREATHING PROCESS IN TRANSFORMER

When load on transformer increases or when the transformer under full load, the insulating oil of the transformer gets heated up, expands and gets expel out in to the conservator tank present at the top of the power transformer and subsequently pushes the dry air out of the conservator tank through the silica gel breather. This process is called breathing out of the transformer.

When the oil cools down, air from the atmosphere is drawn in to the transformer. This is called breathing in of the transformer.

silica gel in breather -when installed

During the breathing process ,the incoming air may consist of moisture and dirt which should be removed in order to prevent any damage. Hence the air is made to pass through the silica gel breather , which will absorb the moisture in the air and ensures that only dry air enters in to the transformer.

Silica gel in the breather will be in blue colour  when it absorbs moisture for long time it turns to pink colour  indicates that it must be replaced.

silica gel -pink colour indicates that it must be replaced

INSIDE MCB(MINIATURE CIRCUIT BREAKER)

  BREAKER: A breaker is a device designed to isolate a circuit during an overcurrent . a breaker is resettable protective device that protects against two types of overcurrent situations ; overload and short circuit.

so a MCB must be able protect equipment form short circuit current and overload.

inside MCB there are two main things.

1) bimetalic strip :during over load this bimetalic strip heats up and bends this will break the circuit.

 2) solenoid (electromagnet): during short circuit high amount of current flows in the solenoid which moves a plunger(rod) and breaks the circuit.

apart from this MCB can be manually switched off.

you can clearly understand this with the help of the below figure and video.

single pole mcb inside parts.

                      source :youtube.

seminar topics for electrical & electronics engineering

Apart from including the exhaustive list of renewable energy based seminars I have prepared this list based on industrial application which in future could bring an extra edge to students while working in some industries. I hope it would quench your search and could calm down your nerves for a while .Go through the list individually and chose the topic of your choice. Do a detailed analysis and discuss with your faculty. Prepare meticulously and buckle up for your existence into the frantic race of the world .

1. Transformer protection

2. Reactive power compensation

3. Variable frequency drives

4. Switchgear protection

5. Instrumentation transformer

6. OLTC online tap changer

5. Transformer testing

8. Universal motor

9. Power electronics switches

10. Synchronization of DG

11. UPS uninterrupted power supply 

12. Surge suppressor

14. Auto transformer

15. Automatic mains failure

16. IBMS integrated building management system

17. Insulators/conductors in transmission system

18. Protection scheme and interlock

19. Incipient fault in transformer

20. Transformer oil

21. Operation and maintenance of battery

22. Internal wiring

23. Illumination and luminaries

24. Electric cables

25. Grid voltage regulation

26. Power quality disturbance

27. Electrical hazards

28. SCADA automation system

29. Voltage and power in HVDC system

30. Speed control of ac motors

31. Brushless Alternators

32. Buck Boost Transformer

33. Circuit Breaker Switching & Arc Modeling

34. Motor stators

35. Nano technology

36. Transient cause and control

37. V/F method of speed control

38. Radial feeder protection

39. Power factor control and improvement

40. Microprocessor based relays

41. HVDC converters

42. Load shedding and sharing

43. Electrical and electromagnetic Interference

44. Alternator excitation

45. Traction drive

46. PID controller

47. Surge arresters

48. Harmonics in electrical system

49. Solar thermal power generation

50. MPPT maximum power point tracking.

wish you all the best.

vikash jha

9776843779